Kant's 4th Antinomy

Kant’s 4th Antinomy

This could be called the antinomy of the existence of a necessary being or the antinomy of the existence of God.

Keep in mind some of the same things as in the 3rd Antinomy, namely:

1) Kant, as well as most academics of his time, was enamored of Isaac Newton and the new breakthroughs in physics that Newton brought to science. It seemed as though science would and could solve all of the mysteries of the universe.

2) Kant was trying to use reason alone without resorting to either empirical data or metaphysical speculation. As seen in this quote:

“Thus the solution of these problems can never be found in experience, and this is precisely the reason why we should not say that it is uncertain what should be ascribed to the object [of our idea]. For as our object is only in our brain, and cannot be given outside it, we have only to take care to be at one with ourselves, and to avoid that amphiboly which transforms our idea into a supposed representation of an object that is empirically given and therefore to be known according to the laws of experience.” (435 [A484, B512])

What Kant is saying here is that our experience doesn’t generate knowledge of our object ‘as it really is’ or in noumenal form. In fact, he is claiming that what we have is merely knowledge of a set of experiences which is different from knowing a thing as it is; this is what he refers to as the phenomena. His main point above is that since we can only know the phenomena and never the noumena then we cannot use our experience about an object as justification for any claims, particularly those claims that have to do with resolving the antinomies.

3) Kant is trying to divorce reason and metaphysics. This means that he does not want to invoke God in any of his explanations. His goal is to use reason alone to investigate the problem in question.

In addition to the above points, lets define ‘necessary being’ and since this is usually contrasted with ‘contingent being’ lets define this term as well. First, however, we need to discuss necessary and contingent truth because this is where the terms originate. Here are the definitions as found in the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy by Simon Blackburn:

Necessary Truth: “A necessary truth is one that could not have been otherwise” (Blackwell 257). This means something that is true by definition such as ‘all triangles have three sides’ or ‘2+2=4’ or by a priori necessity. Liebniz says that such a truth is true in all possible worlds. This means that a necessary truth is true in every possible world in which the laws of logic operate.

Contingent Truth: “A contingent truth is one that is true but could have been false” (Blackwell 257). This means that something is true by happenstance and very well could have been false. An example would be the statement ‘The capital of the United States is Washington D.C.” This is contingent because the capital could have been located elsewhere, and in fact was located elsewhere at one time.

Necessary Being: Now in light of the meaning of necessity, this means a being that has to exist in every possible world. The laws of logic dictate that such a being must exist and does so in every possible world. In the context of Kant, this means the possibility of a being whose existence can be known on an a priori basis using reason alone.

Contingent Being: In light of the meaning of contingency, this means a being that does exist but doesn’t have to exist. As an example, pretty much every human being is a contingent being. There is nothing in logic that dictates that any particular human being absolutely must exist.

The term ‘necessary being’ is usually used in conjunction with the necessity of some sort of creator. The arguments used tend to argue for the existence of such a being through logic and the arguments used by Kant here are not new.

The 4th Antinomy:

Thesis

There belongs to the world, either as its part or as its cause, a being that is absolutely necessary.

Anti-Thesis

An absolutely necessary being nowhere exists in the world, nor does it exist outside the world as its cause.

(Kant 415 [A452-453, B480-481])

[To Be Continued]

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